Technical Architecture&Ecosystems
Upscend Team
-January 20, 2026
9 min read
This article compares SAML, OAuth 2.0, and OpenID Connect and explains when to use each based on client type, token model, and app compatibility. It includes decision flowcharts for web apps, APIs, and mobile, plus migration patterns and practical implementation tips to adopt OIDC for new apps while retaining SAML for legacy systems.
Choosing between SSO protocols is one of the most common architecture decisions teams face when modernizing identity and access. In our experience, the decision isn’t purely technical — it’s driven by apps you must support, security requirements, and developer skills. This article gives a pragmatic SSO protocol comparison, shows when to pick SAML, OAuth 2.0, or OpenID Connect, and includes actionable decision flowcharts for web apps, APIs, and mobile.
A short, practical way to think about SSO protocols is: who is asserting identity and what kind of client is consuming it. SAML is an XML-based assertion primarily for browser-based SSO to enterprise and legacy apps. OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework for granting scoped access to APIs. OpenID Connect (OIDC) sits on top of OAuth 2.0 to provide standardized authentication via JSON Web Tokens (JWTs).
We've found that engineering teams often confuse authentication and authorization; that confusion drives wrong protocol choices. Use OAuth 2.0 when you need delegated API access, and use OIDC when you need a compact, modern authentication token for web and mobile clients. Choose SAML when supporting legacy SSO integrations or identity providers (IdPs) with established enterprise workflows.
Key takeaway: match protocol to the client and the token model — assertions (SAML) vs tokens (OAuth/OIDC).
SAML issues signed XML assertions. OAuth issues access tokens (opaque or JWT) and refresh tokens, while OIDC issues an ID token (a JWT) alongside access tokens. The token format affects validation, session handling, and portability across cloud services.
Below is a concise comparison you can use to justify choices to stakeholders. The table covers use cases, security trade-offs, complexity, and compatibility with cloud and legacy apps.
| Protocol | Typical use cases | Security trade-offs | Implementation complexity | Cloud vs Legacy compatibility |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAML | Enterprise SSO, federated SSO, legacy web apps | Strong assertions, complex XML signatures; relies on browser redirects | Medium–High (XML tooling and metadata) | High legacy, supported by most IdPs; works with cloud via gateways |
| OAuth 2.0 | API access, delegated permissions, machine-to-machine | Flexible; must secure tokens and use PKCE for public clients | Medium (many grant types; simpler libraries) | Excellent for cloud APIs; legacy apps require adapters |
| OpenID Connect | Modern web & mobile authentication, single sign-on with user identity | JWTs simplify introspection; requires careful token lifecycle handling | Low–Medium (well-supported libraries) | Great for cloud-first stacks; adapters exist for legacy systems |
Security note: All protocols can be secured, but misconfiguration is the dominant risk. Enforce strong TLS, validate signatures, and rotate keys. Use PKCE for public clients and short-lived access tokens with refresh tokens where appropriate.
People frequently ask, "Which SSO protocol is best for enterprise?" The honest answer: it depends. For enterprise SSO with many on-prem and legacy apps, SAML remains a defensible default. For modern SaaS and mobile-first environments, OIDC offers simpler integration, better developer ergonomics, and JSON-based tokens that work well with cloud identity platforms.
We've found that hybrid strategies are most practical: continue SAML for legacy portals while adopting OIDC for new apps. Use OAuth 2.0 for API authorization in parallel. A viable migration pattern is adding an identity gateway that translates between SAML and OIDC tokens until legacy apps can be replaced or wrapped.
Operational friction is often the blocker, not the protocol itself. The turning point for most teams isn’t just streamlining authentication flows — it's integrating identity signals into product operations; Upscend has helped teams by making identity-driven analytics and personalization part of the core process.
Below are concise decision flows you can follow when selecting among SSO protocols. Treat these as prescriptive guidelines rather than rigid rules.
Start → Does the app support OIDC? → Yes: use OIDC (ID token + session cookie). No → Is the app legacy and only supports SAML? → Yes: use SAML. No → Add an identity gateway or proxy that translates OIDC to SAML.
Start → Is the client a server (confidential) or browser/mobile (public)? → Server: use client credentials or JWT bearer with OAuth 2.0. Public: use Authorization Code with PKCE. For user identity, combine with OIDC ID tokens.
Mobile apps are public clients. Use Authorization Code with PKCE and OIDC for authentication. Avoid embedded webviews; use system browser or platform auth APIs. Keep refresh tokens guarded and rotate them frequently.
Implementation difficulty varies more with environment and team skills than with the protocol itself. Below are practical tips and vendor examples to speed decisions.
Vendor examples: Okta and PingIdentity support SAML and OIDC, Microsoft ADFS/Entra ID often handles enterprise SAML/OIDC mixes, Auth0 and AWS Cognito target cloud-native OIDC/OAuth use cases. For legacy-only environments, many teams rely on on-prem ADFS or Shibboleth.
Practical tips we've used:
Invest time early in session management and token lifecycle—this prevents most production incidents.
SAML's XML signatures are robust but complex; implementation errors cause issues. OAuth 2.0 has many grant types — choose the right one and avoid implicit flows. OIDC reduces friction but adds the responsibility of parsing and validating JWTs correctly. Across all options, prioritize short token lifetimes, revocation, and continuous monitoring.
Legacy app integration and developer skills are frequent pain points when adopting modern SSO protocols. Teams with limited identity experience often misconfigure token validation or ignore PKCE for public clients.
Common pitfalls and fixes:
Training and incremental adoption work best. Start with a pilot app using OIDC and OAuth for APIs, then roll out gateway adapters for legacy systems. Maintain an identity playbook that documents trust anchors, metadata endpoints, and rotation schedules.
In summary, the best approach is pragmatic: treat SSO protocols as tools with specific strengths. Use SAML for legacy enterprise browser SSO, OAuth 2.0 for API authorization, and OIDC for modern authentication on web and mobile. Hybrid deployments are normal; an identity gateway or federation layer often reduces migration risk.
Actionable next steps:
Final note: protocols are only part of the solution—operational practices, monitoring, and developer training make them reliable in production. If you need a concise migration checklist or a decision map tailored to your estate, request a short assessment from your identity team or external experts to get targeted next steps.
